How does Django’s ORM work and what are QuerySets?

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Django’s ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) is a powerful abstraction layer that allows developers to interact with databases using Python code instead of writing raw SQL queries. It translates Python classes and methods into database tables and queries, enabling seamless database operations.

How Django’s ORM Works:

  • Models as Python Classes:
    Each database table is represented by a Django model class. Model attributes map to database fields (columns).

  • Automatic SQL Generation:
    When you perform operations on models (create, read, update, delete), Django ORM converts these into optimized SQL queries behind the scenes.

  • Database Abstraction:
    ORM supports multiple databases (PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, etc.) with the same Python code, making your app portable.

What are QuerySets?

  • A QuerySet is a collection of database queries constructed using Django’s ORM syntax.

  • It represents zero or more objects from the database and is lazy-evaluated — no database action happens until the QuerySet is actually iterated or explicitly evaluated.

  • QuerySets support filtering (filter()), ordering (order_by()), slicing, and chaining methods to refine queries.

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