How do you write and run tests for a full stack Python application?

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Writing and running tests for a full-stack Python application involves testing both backend and frontend components to ensure the entire system functions correctly.

1. Unit Tests (Backend):
   Use unittest or pytest to write tests for individual functions or modules.

2. Integration Tests (Backend):
   These test how different parts of your backend work together. Use pytest with tools like requests or Flask/Django test clients to simulate API calls and database interactions.

3. Database Testing:
   Use test databases with fixtures or mocking tools like pytest-django, pytest-flask, or factory_boy to create and manage test data safely.

4. Frontend Testing:
   If your frontend is in HTML/JS (e.g., with React or Vue), use tools like Jest, Mocha, or Cypress for unit and end-to-end testing.

5. End-to-End (E2E) Tests:
   Use Selenium, Playwright, or Cypress to simulate user interactions across the full stack. These tests mimic real user behavior.

6. CI/CD Integration:
   Automate testing with CI tools like GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, or Jenkins to run tests on every push or pull request.

7. Running Tests:
   Use:

   • pytest or python -m unittest for backend tests.

   • npm test or yarn test for frontend tests.

   • pytest --cov for coverage reports.

By structuring tests across different layers (unit, integration, E2E) and automating them, you ensure reliability and maintainability in a full-stack Python application.

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