What is an ORM? How does Django ORM work?

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What is an ORM?

ORM stands for Object-Relational Mapping. It’s a programming technique that lets you interact with a relational database using objects instead of writing raw SQL queries. ORMs map database tables to classes and rows to objects, making database operations more intuitive and Pythonic.

How Does Django ORM Work?

  1. Models as Python Classes:
    In Django, each database table is represented by a Python class called a model (defined in models.py). Each attribute of the class corresponds to a database field (column).

  2. Mapping to Database:
    Django’s ORM translates these model classes into SQL commands under the hood. When you create, update, or delete a model instance, Django generates and executes the appropriate SQL.

  3. CRUD Operations via Python:

    • Create:

    • Read:

    • Update:

    • Delete:

  4. QuerySet API:
    Django ORM provides a powerful, chainable QuerySet API to filter, sort, and aggregate data easily.

  5. Migrations:
    When you change models, Django uses migrations to alter the database schema safely.

  6. Benefits:

    • No need to write SQL directly.

    • Database-agnostic code (works with SQLite, PostgreSQL, MySQL, etc.).

    • Clean, maintainable code that integrates seamlessly with Python.

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