What are primary keys and foreign keys?

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Primary Key (PK)

  • A primary key is a column or a set of columns in a database table that uniquely identifies each row in that table.

  • Uniqueness: No two rows can have the same primary key value.

  • Non-null: Primary key columns must always have a value; they cannot be NULL.

  • Purpose: Ensures each record is uniquely identifiable, enabling efficient data retrieval and enforcing entity integrity.

  • Usually, a primary key is an ID like a number (user_id, order_id), but it can also be a combination of columns (composite key).

Foreign Key (FK)

  • A foreign key is a column or set of columns in one table that refers to the primary key in another table (or sometimes the same table).

  • Purpose: Establishes and enforces a relationship between tables, maintaining referential integrity.

  • Ensures that the value in the foreign key column matches a valid primary key value in the referenced table, or is NULL if allowed.

  • For example, an orders table might have a foreign key customer_id pointing to the customers table's primary key id.

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