What is JWT?

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JWT (JSON Web Token) is a compact, URL-safe token format used for securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object. It is widely used for authentication and authorization in modern web applications.

Structure:
A JWT consists of three parts, separated by dots (.):

1. Header: Specifies the token type (JWT) and the signing algorithm (e.g., HS256).

2. Payload: Contains claims — statements about an entity (usually the user) and additional data like user ID, roles, or expiration time.

3. Signature: Created by signing the encoded header and payload with a secret key or private key, ensuring the token’s integrity and authenticity.

How JWT works:
When a user logs in, the server generates a JWT containing user info and signs it. The token is sent to the client (typically stored in local storage or cookies). For subsequent requests, the client sends the JWT in the Authorization header. The server verifies the signature and, if valid, trusts the claims inside the token without needing to query a database.

Advantages:

• Stateless: JWTs are self-contained; no session state is stored on the server.

• Scalable: Easy to use in distributed systems and microservices.

• Flexible: Custom claims can be added for fine-grained control.

Use Cases:
JWT is mainly used for securing APIs, Single Page Applications (SPA), and mobile apps by enabling stateless authentication and authorization.

In summary, JWT is a secure, compact, and stateless way to transfer verified user information between client and server.

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