What is a WSGI and how is it used in Python web development?

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WSGI (Web Server Gateway Interface) is a specification that defines a standard interface between web servers and Python web applications or frameworks. It allows developers to write portable web applications that can run on any WSGI-compliant server, such as Gunicorn, uWSGI, or mod_wsgi.

Before WSGI, Python web applications often depended on specific servers or frameworks, leading to compatibility issues. WSGI was introduced in PEP 333 (later updated in PEP 3333) to standardize communication between servers and applications.

A WSGI application is simply a callable (usually a function) that accepts two arguments:

1. environ – a dictionary containing the request data (like headers, path, method).

2. start_response – a function used to begin the HTTP response by setting the status and headers.

In practice, WSGI is used to deploy Python web frameworks like Django, Flask, or Pyramid. When a request comes in, the WSGI server handles the HTTP details and passes control to the application via the WSGI interface.

WSGI separates concerns: web servers handle HTTP protocol specifics and process management, while web applications focus on business logic. This modularity is key to scalable, maintainable Python web development.

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