What is indexing in databases and how does it improve performance?
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Indexing in databases is a technique used to speed up data retrieval operations. An index is similar to a book’s table of contents: it allows the database to find rows faster without scanning every row in a table.
How It Works:
An index stores selected column values in a data structure (usually a B-tree or hash table) along with a reference to the corresponding row in the table. When a query uses a condition (e.g., WHERE or ORDER BY) on an indexed column, the database can quickly locate matching rows using the index instead of scanning the entire table.
Example:
This query performs a full table scan—checking each row—especially slow on large tables.
With an index on the email column, the database quickly looks up 'john@example.com' in the index and retrieves the row directly.
Benefits:
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Faster Queries: Speeds up searches, joins, filtering (
WHERE), and sorting (ORDER BY). -
Improved Performance: Reduces CPU and disk usage for read-heavy operations.
Trade-Offs:
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Storage Overhead: Indexes consume extra disk space.
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Slower Writes: Insert, update, and delete operations become slightly slower, as indexes must also be updated.
Conclusion:
Indexing is essential for optimizing database performance, especially for large datasets. Use it strategically on columns frequently used in search, filter, or sort operations.
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