How do you handle errors and logging in a production environment?

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Handling errors and logging properly in a production environment is critical for maintaining reliability, diagnosing issues, and securing your application. Here's how it's typically done:

1. Centralized Logging

• Use logging libraries like Python’s logging, or frameworks like Winston (Node.js) or Log4j (Java).

• Send logs to a centralized system such as ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana), Graylog, or cloud services like AWS CloudWatch or Azure Monitor.

2. Log Levels

• Use appropriate log levels:

  • DEBUG: Detailed internal information (use in development).

  • INFO: General events (e.g., user login).

  • WARNING: Unexpected behavior that doesn’t stop execution.

  • ERROR: Issues that cause failures.

  • CRITICAL: Severe errors (e.g., system outage).

• In production, typically log INFO, WARNING, ERROR, and CRITICAL.

3. Error Handling

• Gracefully handle exceptions to avoid crashes.

• Use try/catch blocks and return meaningful error messages without exposing sensitive information.

• Customize error pages (e.g., 404, 500) for user-friendly responses.

4. Alerting and Monitoring

• Set up alerting tools like PagerDuty, Sentry, or Datadog to notify devs of critical failures.

• Monitor logs for unusual patterns or spikes.

5. Log Rotation and Retention

• Use tools like logrotate to manage log size and prevent disk space issues.

• Define retention policies to comply with security or legal requirements.

Proper error handling and logging help detect, diagnose, and respond to issues quickly while maintaining security and user trust.

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