How can you handle authentication and authorization in a Django or Flask app?

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Handling authentication and authorization in Django or Flask involves managing user identity (authentication) and controlling user access to resources (authorization). Both frameworks offer built-in features and third-party libraries for these tasks.

In Django:

1. Authentication:

• Django provides a built-in authentication system that includes user models, password hashing, and login functionality.

• You can use django.contrib.auth for managing users, including registration, login, and password management.

• To authenticate users, you can use the LoginView for login and logout() function for user logout.

2. Authorization:

• Django uses permissions to restrict access. The Permission model helps manage which users can access what.

• You can use @permission_required decorators or class-based views like UserPassesTestMixin to restrict access to views.

3. Custom Authentication:

• You can extend the user model using AbstractBaseUser and BaseUserManager to customize authentication and user properties.

In Flask:

1. Authentication:

• Flask itself doesn't provide authentication out of the box, but you can use Flask-Login, a widely used extension for session management.

• Flask-Login helps manage user sessions, handle login/logout, and protect routes.

2. Authorization:

• Flask-Login doesn't handle authorization directly, but you can create custom decorators or use roles to protect views.

• For role-based authorization, use Flask-Principal or implement your own logic based on user roles stored in the database.

Both frameworks can integrate with external authentication systems like OAuth, JWT, or third-party identity providers (Google, Facebook). For secure password storage, use built-in methods (django.contrib.auth.hashers or werkzeug.security in Flask) to hash passwords before storing them in the database.

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