How do you secure APIs?

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Securing APIs is critical to protect data, maintain integrity, and ensure only authorized access. Here are key practices to secure APIs:

1. Authentication & Authorization: Use strong authentication methods like OAuth 2.0, JWT (JSON Web Tokens), or API keys to verify user identity. Implement role-based access control (RBAC) to restrict actions based on user roles.

2. Encryption: Always use HTTPS/TLS to encrypt data in transit, preventing interception and man-in-the-middle attacks.

3. Input Validation: Validate all inputs rigorously to prevent injection attacks (e.g., SQL injection, command injection). Sanitize data and use parameterized queries.

4. Rate Limiting & Throttling: Protect APIs from abuse and denial-of-service attacks by limiting the number of requests per user or IP within a time frame.

5. Use API Gateways: Employ API gateways to manage, monitor, and secure traffic. They can enforce security policies, validate tokens, and handle logging.

6. Logging & Monitoring: Continuously log API activity and monitor for unusual patterns that may indicate attacks or breaches.

7. Data Exposure Minimization: Return only necessary data in API responses. Avoid exposing sensitive information like internal error messages or stack traces.

8. Security Headers: Implement HTTP security headers like Content Security Policy (CSP), X-Content-Type-Options, and CORS policies.

9. Versioning & Deprecation: Manage API versions properly to avoid exposing outdated or vulnerable endpoints.

10. Regular Security Testing: Conduct penetration tests and vulnerability scans to identify and fix security issues proactively.

Combining these strategies helps build robust, secure APIs resistant to common threats.

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