What are environment variables, and why are they important?

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Environment variables are key-value pairs used by the operating system and applications to store configuration settings. They define important system behavior and provide information that software can use while running, such as file paths, user settings, or credentials.

For example, the PATH environment variable tells the system where to find executable files. When you type a command in a terminal, the system looks through the directories listed in PATH to find the corresponding program.

Environment variables are important because they:

1. Promote flexibility and portability: Applications can run in different environments (e.g., development, testing, production) without changing code—just by changing variables.

2. Enhance security: Sensitive data like API keys or database credentials can be stored in environment variables instead of hardcoding them into the application.

3. Simplify configuration: Instead of editing source code, developers can adjust settings externally via environment variables.

4. Support automation: Scripts and deployment tools often use environment variables to control their behavior dynamically.

In summary, environment variables are essential for managing configurations, securing data, and ensuring consistent behavior across environments.

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