What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL databases?

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SQL (Structured Query Language) and NoSQL (Not Only SQL) databases differ in their structure, flexibility, and use cases.

1. Data Structure: SQL databases are relational, using tables with rows and columns to organize data in a structured format. They rely on predefined schemas, meaning data must follow a specific structure. In contrast, NoSQL databases are non-relational and can store data in various formats, including key-value pairs, documents, graphs, or wide-column stores, offering more flexibility in how data is stored.

2. Scalability: SQL databases are vertically scalable, meaning they can handle increased loads by upgrading the hardware of a single server. NoSQL databases are horizontally scalable, allowing for distribution of data across multiple servers, making them better suited for large-scale applications that require frequent updates and large volumes of unstructured data.

3. ACID vs. BASE: SQL databases follow ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) principles to ensure data reliability and consistency. NoSQL databases often prioritize BASE (Basically Available, Soft state, Eventually consistent) over ACID, offering flexibility in consistency to ensure high availability and performance in distributed environments.

4. Query Language: SQL databases use a standardized query language (SQL) for defining and manipulating data, which is highly structured. NoSQL databases often use proprietary query languages or APIs that vary depending on the database type (e.g., MongoDB uses BSON for querying documents).

5. Use Cases: SQL databases are ideal for applications requiring complex queries, transactions, and consistency, like banking systems. NoSQL databases excel in handling large-scale, unstructured, or semi-structured data, such as social media platforms or real-time analytics.

In summary, SQL offers rigid structure and consistency, while NoSQL provides flexibility, scalability, and faster handling of large volumes of diverse data.

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